Tian M, Agreiter C, Loidl J (2020) Spatial constraints on chromosomes are instrumental to meiotic pairing. Journal of cell science 133(22): PUBMED:33172984
Nabeel-Shah S, Ashraf K, Saettone A, Garg J, Derynck J, Lambert JP, Pearlman RE, Fillingham J (2020) Nucleus-specific linker histones Hho1 and Mlh1 form distinct protein interactions during growth, starvation and development in Tetrahymena thermophila. Scientific reports 10(1):168 PUBMED:31932604
Akematsu T, Sánchez-Fernández R, Kosta F, Holzer E, Loidl J (2019) The Transmembrane Protein Semi1 Positions Gamete Nuclei for Reciprocal Fertilization in Tetrahymena. iScience 23(1):100749 PUBMED:31884169
Identifiers and Description
Gene Model Identifier
TTHERM_01207660
Standard Name
CDC2 (Cell Division Cycle 2)
Aliases
PreTt09119 | 274.m00036
Description
CDC2 cyclin-dependent kinase-like Serine/Threonine kinase family protein; Homolog of the catalytic subunit of the major cell cycle cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk); studies suggest cdc2p phosphorylates HHO1; expression positively regulated by HHO1 phosphorylation during starvation- resulting in a positive feedback
( SD02577 ) Macronucleus: CDC2 gene has the 942 CDC2 5’ flanking region that includes the H1 dephosphorylation enriched region and GFP coding replacing CDC2 coding. Also neo3 in 3’ flanking. region.
( SD02572 ) Macronucleus: CDC2 gene has the 942 CDC2 5’ flanking region that includes the H1 dephosphorylation enriched region and GFP coding replacing CDC2 coding. Also neo3 in 3’ flanking. region.
( SD02573 ) Macronucleus: CDC2 gene has the 1.6 kb just upstream of ATG lacking and GFP coding replacing CDC2 coding. Also neo3 in 3’ flanking. region.
( SD02574 ) Macronucleus: CDC2 gene has 5’ flanking sequence of 280 bp and GFP coding replacing CDC2 coding. Also neo3 in 3’ flanking.
( SD02575 ) Macronucleus: CDC2 gene has 5’ flanking sequence of 247 bp and GFP coding replacing CDC2 coding. Also neo3 in 3’ flanking.
( SD02578 ) Macronucleus: CDC2 gene 5’ flanking sequence of dephosphorylated HI enriched region and coding removed and replaced with GFP gene. Also neo3 in 3’ flanking.
( SD02822 ) Macronucleus: BTU1 locus replaced by far 5’ BTU1 5’--neo3--CDC2 5’ flanking 1.5 kb immediately upstream of ATG--GFP coding--BTU1 3’
( SD02823 ) Macronucleus: BTU1 locus replaced by far 5’ BTU1 5’--neo3--CDC2 5’ flanking 946 bp immediately upstream of ATG--GFP coding--BTU1 3’
( SD02824 ) Macronucleus: BTU1 locus replaced by far 5’ BTU1 5’--neo3--CDC2 5’ flanking 480bp immediately upstream of ATG--GFP coding--BTU1 3’
( SD02825 ) Macronucleus: BTU1 locus replaced by far 5’ BTU1 5’--neo3--CDC2 5’ flanking 480 bp immediately upstream of ATG--GFP coding--BTU1 3’
( SD02826 ) Macronucleus: BTU1 locus replaced by far 5’ BTU1 5’--neo3--CDC2 5’ flanking 480 bp immediately upstream of ATG--GFP coding--BTU1 3’
( SD02827 ) Macronucleus: BTU1 locus replaced by far 5’ BTU1 5’--neo3--CDC2 5’ flanking 480 bp immediately upstream of ATG--GFP coding--BTU1 3’
CDC28 Catalytic subunit of the
main cell cycle cyclin-depend
ent kinase (CDK); alternately
associates with G1 cyclins (CL
Ns) and G2/M cyclins (CLBs) wh
ich direct the CDK to specific
substrates
HHO1 knockouts show no global increase or decrease in the amount of transcription in the cell; however, these same knockouts also show that Hho1p is important for the transcriptional regulation of individual genes in response to stimuli, such as starvation. The differential regulation of Hho1p by phosphorylation under vegetative growth and starvation conditions has been well studied. During vegetative growth, Hho1p is phosphorylated on five closely spaced residues, preventing it from interacting with chromatin, likely by interfering with its ability to bind DNA. Under these conditions, expression is increased for CDC2, a homolog of the cyclin dependent kinases responsible for histone H1 phosphorylation, possibly creating a positive feedback loop that promotes the cell cycle. During starvation conditions, Hho1p is dephosphorylated, allowing it to bind to chromatin. This stimulates the expression of some genes, including ngoA, and protease genes such as CYP1, while inhibiting expression of other genes, such as CDC2. This decrease in CDC2 expression may be responsible for cell cycle arrest during starvation.
Associated Literature
Ref:21562224: Vonderfecht T, Stemm-Wolf AJ, Hendershott M, Giddings TH, Meehl JB, Winey M (2011) The two domains of centrin have distinct basal body functions in Tetrahymena. Molecular biology of the cell 22(13):2221-34
Ref:17194754: Song X, Gorovsky MA (2007) Unphosphorylated H1 is enriched in a specific region of the promoter when CDC2 is down-regulated during starvation. Molecular and cellular biology 27(5):1925-33
Ref:17715364: Parker K, Maxson J, Mooney A, Wiley EA (2007) Class I histone deacetylase Thd1p promotes global chromatin condensation in Tetrahymena thermophila. Eukaryotic cell 6(10):1913-24
Ref:16933976: Eisen JA, Coyne RS, Wu M, Wu D, Thiagarajan M, Wortman JR, Badger JH, Ren Q, Amedeo P, Jones KM, Tallon LJ, Delcher AL, Salzberg SL, Silva JC, Haas BJ, Majoros WH, Farzad M, Carlton JM, Smith RK, Garg J, Pearlman RE, Karrer KM, Sun L, Manning G, Elde NC, Turkewitz AP, Asai DJ, Wilkes DE, Wang Y, Cai H, Collins K, Stewart BA, Lee SR, Wilamowska K, Weinberg Z, Ruzzo WL, Wloga D, Gaertig J, Frankel J, Tsao CC, Gorovsky MA, Keeling PJ, Waller RF, Patron NJ, Cherry JM, Stover NA,
Ref:15870266: Dou Y, Song X, Liu Y, Gorovsky MA (2005) The H1 phosphorylation state regulates expression of CDC2 and other genes in response to starvation in Tetrahymena thermophila. Molecular and cellular biology 25(10):3914-22
Ref:12832485: Mohammad M, York RD, Hommel J, Kapler GM (2003) Characterization of a novel origin recognition complex-like complex: implications for DNA recognition, cell cycle control, and locus-specific gene amplification. Molecular and cellular biology 23(14):5005-17
Ref:12183062: Zhang H, Huang X, Tang L, Zhang QJ, Frankel J, Berger JD (2002) A cyclin-dependent protein kinase homologue associated with the basal body domains in the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. Biochimica et biophysica acta 1591(1-3):119-128
Ref:11456317: Sugii M, Fujishima M (2001) Purification of GVBD-inducing protein from the ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology 48(4):414-24
Ref:10975520: De Souza CP, Osmani AH, Wu LP, Spotts JL, Osmani SA (2000) Mitotic histone H3 phosphorylation by the NIMA kinase in Aspergillus nidulans. Cell 102(3):293-302
Ref:10527850: Gonda K, Nishibori K, Ohba H, Watanabe A, Numata O (1999) Molecular cloning of the gene for p85 that regulates the initiation of cytokinesis in Tetrahymena. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 264(1):112-8
Ref:10329641: Mizzen CA, Dou Y, Liu Y, Cook RG, Gorovsky MA, Allis CD (1999) Identification and mutation of phosphorylation sites in a linker histone. Phosphorylation of macronuclear H1 is not essential for viability in tetrahymena. The Journal of biological chemistry 274(21):14533-6
Ref:9811850: Huang H, Wiley EA, Lending CR, Allis CD (1998) An HP1-like protein is missing from transcriptionally silent micronuclei of Tetrahymena. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95(23):13624-9
Ref:9819444: Won KA, Schumacher RJ, Farr GW, Horwich AL, Reed SI (1998) Maturation of human cyclin E requires the function of eukaryotic chaperonin CCT. Molecular and cellular biology 18(12):7584-9
Ref:8995382: Sweet MT, Carlson G, Cook RG, Nelson D, Allis CD (1997) Phosphorylation of linker histones by a protein kinase A-like activity in mitotic nuclei. The Journal of biological chemistry 272(2):916-23
Ref:8264578: Wu M, Allis CD, Sweet MT, Cook RG, Thatcher TH, Gorovsky MA (1994) Four distinct and unusual linker proteins in a mitotically dividing nucleus are derived from a 71-kilodalton polyprotein, lack p34cdc2 sites, and contain protein kinase A sites. Molecular and cellular biology 14(1):10-20
Ref:1453357: Fujishima M, Katsu Y, Ogawa E, Sakimura M, Yamashita M, Nagahama Y (1993) Meiosis-reinitiation-inducing factor of Tetrahymena functions upstream of M-phase-promoting factor. The Journal of protozoology 39(6):683-90
Ref:8306826: Sweet MT, Allis CD (1993) Phosphorylation of linker histones by cAMP-dependent protein kinase in mitotic micronuclei of Tetrahymena. Chromosoma 102(9):637-47
Ref:1297353: Masui Y (1993) Towards understanding the control of the division cycle in animal cells. Biochemistry and cell biology = Biochimie et biologie cellulaire 70(10-11):920-45
Ref:2065655: Roth SY, Collini MP, Draetta G, Beach D, Allis CD (1991) A cdc2-like kinase phosphorylates histone H1 in the amitotic macronucleus of Tetrahymena. The EMBO journal 10(8):2069-75
Ref:17821280: Harrison JA, Fowler EH (1945) AN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY REACTION WITH TETRAHYMENA WHICH RESULTS IN DYSTOMY. Science (New York, N.Y.) 102(2638):65-6
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